Table of Contents
Lists of illustrations and maps ix
Acknowledgements x
Note on transliterations xi
List of abbreviations xii
Introduction 1
Sources 2
Argument 4
1 Shiism in the Ottoman Empire: between confessional ambiguity and administrative pragmatism 7
Shiism in Turkish history 8
The Ottoman emirate, the Janissaries and Bektasi sufism 10
The Kizilbas challenge 12
Ebu's-Suud: the formation of a persecuting society? 15
Shiism in Ottoman thought 17
The Shiites of Jabal 'Amil and the clerical migration to Iran 20
The Shiite holy places in Iraq 26
Urban Shiism and the ashraf 28
Conclusion: what ideology? 29
2 The invention of Lebanon: Ottoman governance in the coastal highlands, 1568-1636 31
The 'classical system' of rule 33
Ottoman sovereignty in Syria 36
Emir titles and iltizam tax farming 40
Shiism in the Bekaa Valley 43
The Harfush emirs of Baalbek 45
The nexus between imperial and local interests 49
The contest with Fakhr al-Din ibn Ma'n 53
Conclusion: what emirate? 56
3 Mount Lebanon under Shiite rule: the Hamada 'emirate', 1641-1685 58
Shiite tribalism in Mt Lebanon 59
Ottoman tax regimes in Tripoli 64
The rise of the Hamadas 68
The narrative of Shiite tyranny 71
The Köprülü era 74
The Hamadas' iltizam commissions 77
The Hamadas in court 82
Conclusion: the fragile consensus 85
4 The reshaping of authority: the Shiites and the state in crisis, 1685-1699 88
The Shiite rebellion 89
The Khazins and the Maronite 'recolonization' of the Kisrawan 92
The expansion of the Druze emirate 96
The imperial punitive campaign 100
Changing paradigms of provincial administration 104
Shiism and Ottoman tribal control 109
Conclusion: a new era? 114
5 Jabal 'Amil in the Ottoman period: the origins of 'south Lebanon', 1666-1781 117
Sidon and Safad under Ottoman rule 119
Shiism in Jabal 'Amil 121
Retreat in the northern mukataas 123
The 'Ali al-Saghirs of the Bilad Bishara 126
The struggle against Shihabi hegemony 128
Nasif Nassar and Zahir al-'Umar 131
The forging of Lebanese history 137
Cezzar and the Shiites 139
Conclusion: a golden age? 143
6 From dependence to redundancy: the decline of Shiite rule in Tripoli and the Bekaa, 1699-1788 146
The Voyvodalik of the Bekaa 147
The 'Kizilbas Mukataa' of Mt Lebanon 151
The Hamadas and the Maronite Church 156
The Lebanese Order 159
The inversion of power 161
The Shihabi emirate's Shiite subsidiary in Baalbek 164
The 'national uprising' 168
The Shiites under Shihabi rule 171
Conclusion: the logic of Lebanon 174
Conclusion 176
The triumph of Lebanism 179
Bibliography 181
Index 195
