Stem Cells: Biology and Application / Edition 1

by Mary Clarke, Jonathan Frampton

Overview

Stem cell science, encompassing basic biology to practical application, is both vast and diverse. A full appreciation of it requires an understanding of cell and molecular biology, tissue structure and physiology, the practicalities of tissue engineering and bioprocessing, and the pathways to clinical implementation—including the ethical and regulatory imperatives that our society requires us to address. Expectation and debate have been driven by the allure of regenerative medicine using stem cells as a source of replacements for damaged or aged tissues. The potential of stem cell application goes far beyond this. Highly innovative uses of stem cells are emerging as possible therapies for cancers, treating acute damage in conditions such as stroke and myocardial infarction, and resolving a whole range of diseases.

Stem Cells: Biology and Application presents the basic concepts underlying the fast-moving science of stem cell biology. This textbook is written for an advanced stem cell biology course. The target audience includes senior undergraduates, first year graduate students, and practitioners in molecular biology, biology, and biomedical engineering. Stem Cells provides a comprehensive understanding of these unique cells, highlighting key areas of research, associated controversies, case studies, technologies, and pioneers in the field.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780815345114
Publisher:	Taylor & Francis
Publication date:	07/27/2020
Pages:	462
Product dimensions:	8.25(w) x 11.00(h) x (d)

About the Author

Prof Jon Frampton and Dr Mary Clarke are stem cell biologists in the Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences at the University of Birmingham. Their main research involves hematopoietic stem cells, trying to understand how their normal behaviour is affected by disease and aging.

Table of Contents

Preface ix

Acknowledgments xi

Part I An Introduction to Stem Cells 1

1 The essential principles of stem cell science 3

1.1 The defining properties of a stem cell 3

1.2 The necessity for stem cells 9

1.3 The control of stem cell function is complex and varied 11

1.4 The therapeutic and economic Potential of stem cells 13

1.5 Summary 15

Further reading 15

2 Stem cell identification, isolation, and characterization 17

2.1 Identification of stem cells 17

2.2 Isolation of stem cells 25

2.3 Characterization of stem cells 30

2.4 Summary 41

Further reading 42

Part II Stem Cell Potency and Control 43

3 Embryonic stem cells, cloning, and pluripotency 45

3.1 Pluripotent cells derived from vertebrate embryos 46

3.2 Pluripotent cells derived by cloning 59

3.3 Pluripotent cells from non-mammalian species 63

3.4 Summary 65

Further reading 65

4 Controlling stem cells: Receipt and interpretation of external cues 67

4.1 Signal transduction pathways utilized by stem cells 69

4.2 How the stem cell machinery responds to signal inputs 85

4.3 Summary 90

Further reading 91

5 Cell plasticity, reprogramming, and induced pluripotent stem cells 93

5.1 Reversibility of the differentiated state of adult cells 93

5.2 Reprogramming adult cells to become pluripotent stem cells 97

5.3 Stem cell plasticity and lineage reprogramming revisited 105

5.4 Summary 108

Further reading 109

6 The stem cell niche 111

6.1 Stem cells have a defined environment 111

6.2 Architecture of stem cell niches: Similarities across the animal and plant kingdoms 113

6.3 How does the niche contact and communicate with stem cells? 116

6.4 Changes in the stem cell niche can contribute to tissue failure during aging 120

6.5 The role of stem cell niches in malignancy 123

6.6 Targeting stem cell niches as a therapeutic option 125

6.7 Summary 127

Further reading 127

Part III Stem Cells Across the Animal and Plant Kingdoms 129

7 Regeneration in animals: The evolution of stem cells 131

7.1 The nature of regeneration 131

7.2 Animals that regenerate using stem cells 134

7.3 Regeneration of animal structures that do not require stem cells 142

7.4 Regeneration in vertebrates is not restricted to limbs 147

7.5 Summary 150

Further reading 150

8 Plant stem cells 151

8.1 The nature of stem cells in plants 151

8.2 The regulation of plant stem ceils 159

8.3 Regeneration in plants and its link to stem cells 163

8.4 Similarities and differences between plant and animal stem cells 167

8.5 Summary 168

Further reading 169

Part IV Stem Cells in Specialized Adult Animal Tissues 171

9 Hematopoietic stem cells 173

9.1 Evolutionary diversification of blood cells and their stem ceils 173

9.2 Mammalian hematopoietic stem cells 175

9.3 Cell heterogeneity and the niche have effects on clinically relevant aspects of hematopoietic stem cell behavior 182

9.4 Stem cells supporting blood cells in invertebrates 187

9.5 Summary 191

Further reading 192

10 Musculoskeletal and dental stem cells in mammals 193

10.1 The fundamental components of the mammalian skeleton, dentition, and musculature 193

10.2 Mesenchymal stem cells 196

10.3 Dental stem cells 203

10.4 Skeletal muscle stem cells 205

10.5 Summary 214

Further reading 215

11 Stem cells in endoderm-derived organs 217

11.1 Gastrointestinal tract lining stem cells 217

11.2 Gastrointestinal tract associated organ stem cells 228

11.3 Stem cells in the respiratory tract 233

11.4 Summary 237

Further reading 238

12 Stem cells underpinning the generation of germ cells 239

12.1 Stem cells throughout the reproductive cycle 239

12.2 Mechanisms that regulate germ stem cells 253

12.3 Summary 258

Further reading 259

13 Stem cells in the cardiovascular system 261

13.1 Circulatory systems in complex animals 261

13.2 Stem cells in the vasculature 263

13.3 Stem cells in the heart 269

13.4 Summary 276

Further reading 277

14 Stem cells in the nervous and sensory systems 279

14.1 Nervous systems in animals 279

14.2 Stem cells in the central nervous system 282

14.3 Stem cells supporting the sensory organs in the peripheral nervous system 288

14.4 Summary 298

Further reading 299

15 Stem cells in the skin, its appendages, and other epithelial tissues 301

15.1 Epithelia: The frontier tissues of the body 301

15.2 Stem cells in the skin 303

15.3 The corneal epithelium 314

15.4 Stem cells in the epithelia of the gastrointestinal tract 317

15.5 Stem cells in mammary glands 318

15.6 Summary 321

Further reading 322

16 Atypical stem cells that enable and modulate immune system function 323

16.1 Effector cells of the immune system 323

16.2 Hematopoietic stem cell-independent myeloid cells in the innate immune response 324

16.3 Memory cells of the adaptive immune response have stem cell properties 328

16.4 Stem cells in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs 331

16.5 The immune modulatory function of mesenchymal stem cells 334

16.6 Summary 338

Further reading 339

Part V Biomedical and Economic Applications of Stem Cells 341

17 Stem cells in biomedicine: Disease modeling and tissue repair 343

17.1 The unmet need in medicine that can benefit from the application of stem cells 343

17.2 Modeling disease using stem cell derived cells 345

17.3 Making use of an individual's resident cells for repair and regeneration 349

17.4 Using externally sourced stem cells in regenerative medicine 351

17.5 Tissue engineering 356

17.6 Progress, failures, and prospects in stem cell-based regenerative medicine 360

17.7 Summary 366

Further reading 366

18 Stem cells in biomedicine: Stem cells in aging and cancer 369

18.1 The role of stem cells in tissue aging 370

18.2 The role of stem cells in cancer 382

18.3 Summary 391

Further reading 391

19 Stem cell applications in domesticated and wild animals and in horticulture 393

19.1 Animal health, agricultural productivity, and biomedical advancement involving animals 393

19.2 Species conservation 403

19.3 Horticultural development 405

19.4 Summary 408

Further reading 409

20 Stem cells and society: A philosophical, ethical, and economical view 411

20.1 Philosophical and moral perspectives 411

20.2 Exploiting stem cells 420

20.3 The economic perspective 425

20.4 Summary 428

Further reading 430

Glossary 431

Index 437