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Overview
GMO Food: A Reference Handbook is intended to serve as a research guide for young adults in high school and beyond. Students at all grade levels should be able to use the book as an introduction to the history of genetic engineering of organisms and the use of this technology for the development of new forms of crops and foods.
They will learn briefly about historic methods of plant and animal modification (such as cross-breeding) and, in more detail, how discoveries since the late nineteenth century have greatly changed the process of plant and animal modification. These discoveries include important steps forward in genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology, genetic engineering, and related fields. They will also learn about the variety of social, political, philosophical, economic, and other issues that have arisen alongside these scientific advances, as well as about some of the laws, regulations, and other solutions that have been developed for dealing with the range of attitudes about genetically modified foods. The second edition covers developments since 2014.
Product Details
ISBN-13: | 9781440877766 |
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Publisher: | Bloomsbury Academic |
Publication date: | 05/17/2021 |
Series: | Contemporary World Issues |
Edition description: | 2nd Revised ed. |
Pages: | 400 |
Product dimensions: | 6.35(w) x 9.25(h) x 1.40(d) |
About the Author
Table of Contents
Preface to the First Edition xiii
Preface to the Second Edition xvii
1 Background and History 3
Hybridization 4
The Birth of Genetics 6
The Gene 7
The Process of Genetic Engineering 15
Concerns about rDNA Research 20
History of rDNA Regulation 25
Breakthroughs in rDNA Research 28
Genetically Modified Animals 30
Technical Problems 30
Regulatory Issues 35
Genetically Modified Plants 37
Bt Crops 38
Types of Genetically Modified Plants 40
Conclusion 45
References 46
2 Problems, Controversies, and Solutions 61
Opposition to Genetically Modified Foods in the United States 61
Public Opinion on Genetically Modified Foods 64
Public Opinion in the United States 64
Public Opinion in Europe 70
Regulation of Genetically Modified Crops and Foods 72
Regulation in the United States 72
Regulation in the European Union 76
Labeling of Genetically Modified Foods 83
The Labeling Issue in the EU 83
The Labeling Issue in the United States 87
GMO Regulations Worldwide 90
Genetically Modified Crops and Foods: Pros and Cons 91
Agricultural System 92
Potential Benefits 92
Potential Harm 98
Human Health 99
Potential Benefits 99
Potential Harm 101
The Natural Environment 106
Potential Benefits 106
Potential Harm 108
Potential Social and Economic Harm 111
Conclusion 112
References 113
3 Perspectives 133
Introduction 133
Genetic Engineering in Agriculture: Uncertainties and Risks Debal Deb 133
The Case for Teaching Food in Schools Yussra MT Ebrahim 142
Improving Crops with CRISPR Phill Jones 146
In the Know: Genetically Modified Foods Rashmi Nemade 150
Genetically Modified Organisms Tony Owen 155
GMO Foods in Developing Countries Santosh Pandey 158
Labeling Bioengineered Foods: Theory vs. Reality Ellen Rubin 162
Genetically Modified Crops in Africa: Fear of the Unknown? Elizabeth Shoo 167
Accepting Genetically Modified Crops in India Sweta 171
A Growing World Demands New Food Technology Susan Young 175
4 Profiles 183
Introduction 183
Biotechnology Regulatory Services 183
Biotechnology Innovation Organization 185
José Bové (1953-) 188
Herbert Boyer (1936-) 190
Canadian Biotechnology Action Network 192
Center for Food Safety 194
Emmanuelle Charpentier (1968-) 196
Mary-Dell Chilton (1939-) 198
Stanley N. Cohen (1935-) 200
Crop Life International 202
Jennifer Doudna (1964-) 204
Food & Water Watch 207
Robert T. Fraley (1953-) 209
John E. Franz (1929-) 211
Dennis Gonsalves (1943-) 212
Greenpeace International 215
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications 217
Steve Lindow (1951-) 220
Mark Lynas (1973-) 222
Monsanto (Bayer Crop Science) 224
Non-GMO Project 227
Ingo Potrykus (1933-) 228
Maxine Singer (1931-) 232
Marc van Montagu (1933-) 234
World Health Organization 237
5 Data and Documents 243
Introduction 243
Data 243
Table 5.1. Genetically Engineered Crops in the United States, 2000-19 (percent of all planted crop; all genetically engineered varieties) 244
Table 5.2. Number of Releases of Genetically Engineered Organism Varieties Approved by APHIS, 1985-2013 245
Table 5.3. Total Number of GMO Crop Releases Approved by APHIS, to 2013 246
Table 5.4. Number of Releases Approved by APHIS by Genetic Trait, to 2013 247
Table 5.5. Prevalence of Bt IR and Stacked Gene Crops in U.S. Agriculture, 2000-19 (percentage of each crop) 247
Documents 248
Plant Patent Act of 1930 248
Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 447 U.S. 303 (1980) 249
Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology (1986) 251
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (2000) 254
Regulation of Genetically Modified Foods by the European Union (2003) 257
Mendocino County (California) Ban on Genetically Modified Crops (2004/2019) 258
The Safety of Genetically Modified Foods, GAO Report (2002) 262
Invoking of Preemption (North Dakota, SB2277; 2005) 264
Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms, 561 U.S. 139 (2010) 265
Bowman v. Monsanto, et al., 569 U.S. 11-796 (2013) 267
National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (Public Law 114-216) (2016) 269
National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard (2018) 271
Regulation of Gene-Editing Technology (2018) 276
6 Resources 283
Books 283
Articles 293
Reports 308
Internet Sources 311
7 Chronology 327
Glossary 341
Index 349