Crosslinking and Scission in Polymers / Edition 1

by O. Gïven

Overview

MOLECULAR WEIGHr CHANGES AND NE1WORK FORMATION BY SCISSION AND CROSSUNKING A. Charlesby 1 Introduction Main Chain Scission of Polymers ____________________________ _ ________________________ _ 1 Crosslinking ______ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . ___ . . _. __ . . . . _. _. _____ . _____ . _ 4 5 Random Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Enhanced Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Other Forms of Crosslinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Combined Crosslinking and Scission ___________ _________________ ______ _ ______________ . _. _. 11 Antioxidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . 12 Crosslinking of Polymers in Solution ________________________________ . . ______________ . . . . __ 12 References _. __ _ 13 HIGH ENERGY RADIATION-AND UV UGHr-INDUCED CROSSLINKING AND CHAIN SCISSION w. Schnabel Introduction 15 Importance of Radiation-Induced Crosslinking and Main-Chain Scission in Linear Polymers ___________________________ _________________ 15 TYPes of Radiation and Radiation Sources _. ___________________________ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . _. _. _ . . __ . . . 16 Absorption of Radiation . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . _ . . __ . _ . . . . . . . . ____ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . _____ . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . 16 General Aspects Concerning XL and CS in Linear Polymers ______________________ . _________ . _____ . _____ 22 Random and Specific Site Attacks . . . . . . . _. ____ . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . ___ . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . __ . . . . _ . . . . . . _ . . . . __ . ___ . . . . . . . . . . __ . . _ 22 Detection of XL and CS . . . _. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _. __ . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . ___ . . . . . . . __ . . . _ . . . _ . . . . . . . . ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . __ . . . . . _ . . . . _ . . . . . _. _ . . . . _ . . . . . . . 22 Simultaneous XL and CS Mechanisms 25 Ion Beam-Induced Radiation Effects In Linear Polymers ____________________________________________________ .

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780792305477
Publisher:	Springer Netherlands
Publication date:	01/31/1990
Series:	Nato Science Series C: , #292
Edition description:	1990
Pages:	254
Product dimensions:	6.14(w) x 9.21(h) x 0.24(d)

Table of Contents

Molecular Weight Changes and Network Formation by Scission and Crosslinking.- Main Chain Scission of Polymers.- Crosslinking.- Random Crosslinking.- Enhanced Crosslinking.- Other Forms of Crosslinking.- Combined Crosslinking and Scission.- Antioxidants.- Fillers.- Crosslinking of Polymers in Solution.- References.- High Energy Radiation-and UV Light-Induced Crosslinking and Chain Scission.- Importance of Radiation-Induced Crosslinking and Main-Chain Scission in Linear Polymers.- Types of Radiation and Radiation Sources.- Absorption of Radiation.- General Aspects Concerning XL and CS in Linear Polymers.- Random and Specific Site Attacks.- Detection of XL and CS.- Simultaneous XL and CS Mechanisms.- Ion Beam-Induced Radiation Effects in Linear Polymers.- X-Ray-Induced Radiation Effects in Linear Polymers.- References.- Main-Chain Scission of Linear Polymers as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis and Flash Photolysis.- Studies on the Dynamics of Macromolecules in Solution.- Studies Concerning Intramolecular Interactions.- Studies Concerning Preferential Solvation.- Studies Concerning the Dynamics of Polynucleotides.- Detachment of DNA Double Strands.- Lifetime of Salt Bridges.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- Carbon 13 NMR of Gamma-Irradiated Polyethylenes.- Carbon 13 NMR of Polyethylene.- Severe Melt Processing of Polyethylene.- Irradiation of Polyethylene-Solution NMR.- Carbon 13 NMR of n-Hexatriacontane.- Carbon 13 NMR Spectra of NBS 1475 before and after 60Co Gamma Irradiation.- Carbon 13 NMR Spectra of Marlex 6003 before and after 60Co Gamma Irradiation.- Irradiation of Polyethylene-NMR of the Solid State.- Summary.- Acknowledgements.- References.- The Use of Pulsed NMR to Determine Network Formation by Crosslinking and Entanglement.- References.- Methods for Studying the Effects of High-Energy Irradiation on the Mechanical and Electric Properties of Polymers.- Mechanical Properties.- Modulus and Compliance.- Ultimate Mechanical Properties.- Recovery.- Electrical Properties.- Multiple Transitions and Molecular Mobilities.- Physical Ageing.- Experimental Technique and Examples.- Time-Domain Techniques.- Frequency-Domain Methods.- Temperature-Domain Methods.- Thermally Stimulated Electrical Current-Fluctuations.- Conclusions.- References.- Thermally Stimulated Discharge and Dielectric Measurements of Cure in Resins and Gelled Materials.- Influence of Gelation of Polar Media.- Interfacial Regions in Copolymer Systems.- Phase Separation Processes.- Conclusion.- Recommended Reading.- Ultrasonic and Viscoelastic Studies of Chain Entanglement in Polymer Solutions.- Dynamic Properties of Isolated Polymer Chains in Solution.- Ultrasonic Relaxation Measurements on Polymer Solutions.- Viscoelastic Processes.- Ultrasonic Studies of Entangled Polymer Systems.- Phase Separation in SBS Solutions.- Ultrasonic Studies of Network Formation in Rigid Networks.- Recommended Reading.- Specific Papers.- Determination of Cross-Link Density in Amorphous Networks by Stress-Strain-Swelling Experiments.- Molecular Constitution of a Network.- Macroscopic Deformation.- Microscopic Deformation.- The Elastic Free Energy of the Single Chain and the Network.- The Affine Network Model.- The Phantom Network Model.- Stress-Strain Relations for the Phantom and Affine Network Models in Simple Tension.- The Constrained Junction Theory of Networks.- Determination of the Degree of Cross-Linking by Equilibrium Swelling Measurements.- Numerical Example of Cross-Link Density Calculation.- Deviations From Ideal Network Behavior.- Conclusions and Discussion.- References.- Formation and Properties of Thermosetting and High Tg Systems.- The Time-Temperature-Transformation (TTT) Isothermal Cure Diagram.- Anomalous Properties Versus Extent of Cure.- The Continuous Heating Time-Temperature-Transformation (CHT) Cure Diagram.- Linear Polymerization and the TTT Diagram.- Solvent-Based Reactive Systems and the TTT Diagram.- The Glass Transition Temperature, Tg, as a Characterizing Parameter for Reactive Systems.- Torsion Pendulum (TP) and Torsional Braid Analysis (TBA): Techniques for Characterizing the Cure and Properties of Thermosetting Systems.- TP/TBA-Modes.- Instrumentation.- Applications.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Dynamic Shear Compliance of Polymer Melts and Networks.- The Master Curve and its Analysis.- The Meander Superstructure and its Shear Deformation Modes.- Viscoelasticity of Polymer Fractions and Binary Blends in the Melt.- The Shear Compliance of Polymer Networks in Dependence on Crosslink Density.- The Glass Relaxation Process.- The Shearband Process.- The Effect of Filler on the Dynamic Shear Compliance.- Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- Paraelasticity of Organic Colloid Systems.- Paraelastic Relaxation Strength.- Clay Organic Complexes.- Oriented Stacks of Lipid Lamellae.- The n-alkanes in the Waxy State.- Polymer Melts and Networks in the Rubbery State (plateau compliance).- Conclusion.- Acknowledgement.- References.- The Use of Size Exclusion Chromatography in the Studies of Crosslinking and Chain Scission in Polymers.- Chain Scission.- Crosslinking.- References.

Editorial Reviews

Proceedings of a conference called "Advanced Methods of Determination of Crosslinking and Scission in Polymers and their Effect on Mechanical Properties," held in Kemer-Antalya, Turkey, September 1988. The 13 papers survey new developments, currently available techniques, and alternative ways of using conventional methods in direct and absolute determination of crosslinking, measuring not only the number of crosslinks, but also the extent of physical entanglements. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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