Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World

by Joshua B. Freeman

Overview

A sweeping, global history of the rise of the factory and its effects on society.

We live in a factory-made world: modern life is built on three centuries of advances in factory production, efficiency, and technology. But giant factories have also fueled our fears about the future since their beginnings, when William Blake called them "dark Satanic mills." Many factories that operated over the last two centuries—such as Homestead, River Rouge, and Foxconn—were known for the labor exploitation and class warfare they engendered, not to mention the environmental devastation caused by factory production from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution up to today.

In a major work of scholarship that is also wonderfully accessible, celebrated historian Joshua B. Freeman tells the story of the factory and examines how it has reflected both our dreams and our nightmares of industrialization and social change. He whisks readers from the textile mills in England that powered the Industrial Revolution and the factory towns of New England to the colossal steel and car plants of twentieth-century America, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union and on to today’s behemoths making sneakers, toys, and cellphones in China and Vietnam.

The giant factory, Freeman shows, led a revolution that transformed human life and the environment. He traces arguments about factories and social progress through such critics and champions as Marx and Engels, Charles Dickens, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Ford, and Joseph Stalin. He chronicles protests against standard industry practices from unions and workers’ rights groups that led to shortened workdays, child labor laws, protection for organized labor, and much more.

In Behemoth, Freeman also explores how factories became objects of great wonder that both inspired and horrified artists and writers in their time. He examines representations of factories in the work of Charles Sheeler, Margaret Bourke-White, Charlie Chaplin, Diego Rivera, and Edward Burtynsky.

Behemoth tells the grand story of global industry from the Industrial Revolution to the present. It is a magisterial work on factories and the people whose labor made them run. And it offers a piercing perspective on how factories have shaped our societies and the challenges we face now.

Product Details

ISBN-13:	9780393246315
Publisher:	Norton, W. W. & Company, Inc.
Publication date:	02/27/2018
Edition description:	New Edition
Pages:	448
Product dimensions:	6.00(w) x 9.20(h) x 1.70(d)

About the Author

Joshua B. Freeman is a Distinguished Professor of History at Queens College and the Graduate Center of CUNY. His previous books include American Empire and Working-Class New York, among others. He lives in New York City.

Table of Contents

Introduction xi

Chapter 1 "Like Minerva From The Brain Of Jupiter" The Invention of the Factory 1

Chapter 2 "The Living Light" New England Textiles and Visions of Utopia 43

Chapter 3 "The Progress Of Civilization" Industrial Exhibitions, Steelmaking, and the Price of Prometheanism 80

Chapter 4 "I Worship Factories" Fordism, Labor, and the Romance of the Giant Factory 118

Chapter 5 "Communism Is Soviet Power Plus The Electrification Of The Whole Country" Crash Industrialization in the Soviet Union 169

Chapter 6 "Common Requirements Of Industrialization" Gold War Mass Production 226

Chapter 7 "Foxconn City" Giant Factories in China and Vietnam 270

Conclusion 314

Acknowledgements 323

Notes 327

Illustration Credits 401

Index 403

Editorial Reviews

…accessible, cogent, occasionally riveting and thoroughly new. The history of large factories, as Freeman outlines it, is the history of the modern world and most everything we see, experience and touch. At a time when the ghost of the American dream hovers over headlines ranging from free trade vs. protectionism to opioid addiction and other so-called diseases of despair, Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World should be required reading for all Americans…

The New York Times Book Review - Beth Macy

Joshua B. Freeman's rich and ambitious Behemoth: A History of the Factory and the Making of the Modern World depicts a world in retreat that still looms large in the national imagination. Behemoth is more than an economic history, or a chronicle of architectural feats and labor movements. Freeman…traces the rise of the factory and how it became entwined with Enlightenment ideas of progress—"the notion that through human effort and rationality the world could be transformed toward greater abundance, well-being and moral order"…Freeman handles all of this material with the seriousness it deserves. If Behemoth can feel a little slow-going at times, that's partly because of the knottiness of the history Freeman lays out, as well as his honorable refusal to resort to simplistic notions of grand progress or portentous doom…Behemoth doesn't romanticize the earlier incarnations of gigantic factories, but Freeman understands why some people did—and still do.

The New York Times - Jennifer Szalai

★ 12/04/2017
Freeman (American Empire), professor of history at Queens College and the CUNY Graduate Center, recounts the development of the factory, which over the past 300 years has come to symbolize both utopian possibilities and appalling realities. He notes that “we live in a factory-made world,” yet most consumers know little about these places or the experiences of those who work in them. Freeman begins in 18th-century England with the first factories, which were synonymous with filth and misery—William Blake’s “dark satanic mills.” He moves to 19th-century New England, where paternal industrialists hoped that they could both reap large profits and provide their employees with excellent working conditions; their idealism was soon replaced by a drive for ever-greater profits. Freeman is sharply critical of the technocrats and managers who regularly attempt to reduce wages and increase control over labor, yet he also sees the factory as a workplace that holds the possibility of liberation; Ford auto workers’ successful unionizing efforts, for example, “gave mass production a new, more democratic meaning.” Freeman goes on to describe modern Chinese factories, noting that some have become notorious for conditions that have caused workers to commit suicide, while others offer lavish recreational amenities that are irresistible to rural migrants. This wide-ranging book offers readers an excellent foundation for understanding how their possessions are made, as well as how the factory system affects society. (Feb.)

Publishers Weekly

"Freeman uses the history of the factory as a way to re-examine how workers are treated worldwide."

Pacific Standard

"A global tour of three centuries, from English textile mills to Detroit steel plants to Chinese iPhone factories."

Newsday

"You may have no detailed knowledge of factories except that they can be converted into cool lofts. In that case, you’ll learn much from historian Joshua Freeman."

Wall Street Journal - Jonathan Rose

"Fascinating. . . . A compulsively readable cultural history of the birth and development of factories and their impact on society."

Bookpage

"Rich and ambitious. . . . More than an economic history, or a chronicle of architectural feats and labor movements, Behemoth depicts a world in retreat that still looms large in the national imagination."

New York Times - Jennifer Szalai

"Fascinating. . . Freeman shows how factories have had an overwhelming influence on the way we work, think, move, play and fight."

Scott W. Berg

"Ranging from the early industrial revolution in England to the factories in modern-day China that produce iPhones, with stops along the way in New England mill towns, Henry Ford’s Detroit and Stalin’s Russia, this remarkable book traces the history of the giant factory and the people—capital, labor, consumers, and fascinated observers—whose lives it shaped. If you want to know where the world we live in came from, this is a good place to start."

Eric Foner

2017-11-22
Wide-ranging study of the world's factories over the last three centuries.The birthplace of the factory may have been England, as Freeman (History/Queen's Coll.; American Empire: The Rise of a Global Power, the Democratic Revolution at Home 1945-2000, 2012, etc.) writes, but the idea of concentrated labor spread quickly throughout the world, with changes befitting local conditions as it went. For example, whereas the British countryside was crowded and full of employable men, the hinterlands of New England were not, leading capitalists there to find "a brilliant solution in the recruitment of young women" who, coming and going into marriage and their family households, would be a constantly changing cast of characters and not a "permanent proletariat." With workers came management theories such as Taylorism, named for Frederick Winslow Taylor, who, of a liberal and educated Philadelphia family, defied expectations to become first a factory worker and then a consultant on factory labor—and whose practices "meant a loss of autonomy and an attack on craft pride" in the eyes of many workers and activists, lending credence to Marxist ideas of labor value and alienation. As Freeman notes, industrial work has fallen off considerably in the U.S., which has led to wholesale re-evaluations of the political place of unions, the role of workers in mass progressive movements, and so forth, even as manufacturing work has remained mostly steady worldwide, with about a third of the workforce engaged in industry, most employed in factories. The author also notes that factories have life cycles just as does everything else, though these are recognized differently from place to place. In China, for instance, tinkering with the industrial mix and downsizing for efficiency would run the risk of igniting political opposition, with the result that "the Chinese government moves gingerly in its prolonged effort to shut down unneeded or inefficient state-owned factory giants."We are all implicated in the world of the giant factory, but students of economic history and geopolitics in particular will find much of value here.

Kirkus Reviews

"A global tour of three centuries, from English textile mills to Detroit steel plants to Chinese iPhone factories."

Newsday - Tom Beer

"An effortless and engaging guide."

New Republic - David Sessions

"Freeman uses the history of the factory as a way to re-examine how workers are treated worldwide."

Pacific Standard - Bradley Babendir

"Excellent."

National Book Review

"[An] immersive, trivia-packed history."

Slate - Henry Grabar

"Freeman has written a superb account.… Almost every page contains a memorable fact or an intriguing thought."

Guardian - Ian Jack

"[A] lively chronicle of the factory.… [Freeman] delves into the nitty-gritty of manufacturing. He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history, on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls."

Economist

"[A] lively chronicle of the factory.… [Freeman] delves into the nitty-gritty of manufacturing. He successfully melds together those nuggets with social history, on the shop floor and beyond the factory walls."

Economist

We talk a great deal about jobs. Now comes an audiobook about the places where the jobs come. And go. The author has written a marvelous history of the physical and intellectual effect that factories have had on the United States and the world, especially the fear and wonder that factories have inspired over their approximately 300-year history. Narrator Stephen Bowlby approaches this audiobook as a straightforward work of history, using his deep voice to simply tell the story rather than to put his personal imprint on it. He does, however, dive deeply into character voices that are entertaining but seem to come out of nowhere compared to his inelastic reading of the narrative. R.I.G. © AudioFile 2018, Portland, Maine

MAY 2018 - AudioFile