Table of Contents
Acknowledgements v
Abbreviations xi
Table of Cases xiii
Table of Legislation xv
1 Introduction 1
I This Book's Approach 2
II Intended Contribution 7
III Outline of the Book 11
2 The Internet, User Autonomy and EU Law 14
I The Internet, Power and Freedom 14
A The Internet and Freedom 15
B The Internet and Power 17
II User Autonomy 21
III User Autonomy, Non-Economic Values and EU Competition Law 23
A User Autonomy and Consumer Choice 23
B Non-Economic Values in EU Competition Law 25
C Data, Democracy and Competition 28
D Fundamental Rights and Competition 31
IV Private Power and Fundamental Rights 33
V Regulating for User Autonomy 35
VI Better Ways of Achieving User Autonomy? 39
VII Conclusion 40
3 Dominance and Internet Provision 42
I Technical and Market Developments in Internet Access Provision 43
II Net Neutrality Explained 46
III Problems Arising from Network Management Practices 47
A Competition Concerns 47
B Free Expression 48
C Privacy and Confidentiality 50
IV Existing European Law and Regulation 51
A Regulation 51
B Competition in Fixed Line Internet Markets 52
C Free Expression 54
D Privacy 55
V Net Neutrality Regulation 56
VI Technical Solutions 59
A Data Encryption 60
B P2P File-Sharing 60
C Community Mesh Networks 61
VII Conclusion 61
4 Dominance and Internet Search 63
I Problems in the Market for Search 63
A Expansionist Tendencies 64
B Access to Information 66
C Bias 67
D Privacy and Data Protection 68
II Search Engines and Market Developments 69
III EU Investigation into Google 71
A Complaints Against Google 72
B Is Google Behaving Anticompetitively in Europe? 73
i Relevant Market and Market Share 73
ii Competitive Constraints 75
iii Abuse of Dominance? 76
iv Discrimination 77
v Refusal to Deal 77
vi Tying 79
vii Sui Generis Abuse 81
C Google's Commitments 81
IV Outcome of Competition Investigations and User Concerns 83
V Other Legal Regimes, Ex Ante Regulation and Extra-Legal Solutions 85
A Data Protection 85
B Free Expression 85
C Ex Ante Regulation 86
D Extra-Legal Solutions 88
VI Conclusion 90
5 Dominance and Mobile Devices 92
I Mobile Device Value Chain 93
II Problems with Mobile Devices and App Stores 94
A Competition 94
B Free Expression and Control 94
C Privacy 95
III Mobile Devices, Apps and Market Developments 96
A Market Leaders 97
B Allegations of Anticompetitive Conduct 99
i Apple 99
ii Google 102
IV Is there Anticompetitive Conduct? 103
A Relevant Markets and Market Share 103
i Device/Operating System Markets 104
ii App Stores 105
iii Markets for Specific Apps 106
B Competitive Constraints 106
C Abuse of Dominant Position 108
i Tying 108
ii Lock-in 111
iii Blocking Apps 111
iv Summary 112
V Other Legal Regimes 112
A Free Expression 112
B Data Protection and Privacy 113
C Regulation 115
D Extra-Legal Options 117
VI Conclusion 118
6 Dominance and the Cloud 120
I Problems with the Cloud 121
A Privacy and Data Protection 121
B Free Expression and Control 122
C Competition and Dominance 123
II Cloud Computing and Market Developments 124
III Effectiveness of Competition Law in Addressing Cloud Concerns 125
A Market Definition 126
B Competitive Constraints 126
C Operation of Abuse of Dominance 127
IV Other Legal Regimes 129
A Data Protection and Privacy 129
B Free Expression 131
V Regulation 132
VI Extra-Legal Solutions 134
VII Conclusion 135
7 Conclusion 137
References 141
Index 157
