Table of Contents
How to Use This Book vi
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Data 1
An Example of Working with Data 1
The Center of a Data Set 2
The Spread of a Data Set 5
Interpreting Data 11
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 14
Chapter 2 Data and Representations 17
Types of Data 17
Representations of Data 21
Discrete Data vs. Continuous Data 36
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 41
Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics 43
Measures of Center 43
Measures of Spread 51
Deviation 60
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 68
Chapter 4 Distributions of Data 71
The Shape of Data 71
The Uniform Distribution 78
The Binomial Distribution 88
The Geometric Distribution 93
Other Distributions 96
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 100
Chapter 5 The Normal Distribution 103
Normally Distributed Data 103
Comparing Data Using z-Scores 112
Standard Normal Tables 119
When to Use the Normal Distribution 125
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 127
Chapter 6 The Fundamentals of Probability 129
Basic Probability 129
Properties of Probability 138
The Binomial Probability Distribution 148
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 156
Chapter 7 Conditional Probability 159
The Basics of Conditional Probability 159
Independent Events 166
Bayes' Theorem 171
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 175
Chapter 8 Statistical Sampling 177
Populations and Samples 177
Sampling Distributions 182
Sample Proportions 187
Sample Means 194
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 199
Chapter 9 Confidence Intervals 201
Making Inferences from Data 201
Estimating with Confidence 202
Different Levels of Confidence 208
Population Proportions and Standard Error 215
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 220
Chapter 10 Statistical Significance 221
Significance Testing 221
One-Sided and Two-Sided Tests 231
Type I and Type II Errors 238
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 245
Chapter 11 Bivariate Statistics 247
The Basics of Bivariate Data 247
Correlation 259
Linear Regression 266
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 275
Chapter 12 Statistical Literacy 277
Experiments and Studies 277
Surveys and Polls 285
Evaluating the Validity of Statistical Arguments 289
Brain Ticklers-The Answers 296
Appendix: Standard Normal Table 297
Index 301