Table of Contents
Preface xi
To the Student xi
To the Teacher xii
1 Introduction to Chemistry 1
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 2
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 2
1.1 Chemistry Is …? 4
1.2 Matter and Energy 4
1.3 Measurement and the Metric System 13
1.4 Metric Prefixes 14
1.5 Scientific Notation 15
1.6 Volume and Density 16
1.7 Reporting Measured Quantities 17
l.8 Solving Problems 23
End-of-Chapter Questions 31
2 Atoms, Molecules, and Ions 39
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 39
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 39
2.1 Introduction to the Atomic Model of Matter 41
2.2 Development of the Early Models of the Atom 42
2.3 The Current View of Atomic Structure 44
2.4 Identifying Elements: Names, Symbols, and Atomic Numbers 45
2.5 Neutrons, Isotopes, and Mass Numbers 46
2.6 Molecules 48
2.7 Ions 49
End-of-Chapter Questions 50
3 Formulas, Equations, and Chemical Reactions 55
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 55
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 55
3.1 Chemical Formulas 56
3.2 Writing and Naming Chemical Formulas 59
3.3 Chemical Equations 65
3.4 Balancing a Chemical Equation 66
3.5 Classifying Chemical Reactions 69
Section II Additional Material 73
3.1A Other Ways of Naming Ionic Compounds 73
End-of-Chapter Questions 73
4 Chemical Calculations 81
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 82
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 82
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Average Atomic Mass 83
4.3 The Formula Mass of a Substance 85
4.4 The Mole Concept and Molar Mass 86
4.5 Problems Involving a Single Substance 87
4.6 Problems Involving Chemical Equations 90
Section II Additional Material 91
4.1A Converting Between Moles and Numbers of Particles 91
4.2A Empirical Formula from Percent Composition 92
4.3A Mole-Mass Problems 93
4.4A Mass-Mass Problems 94
4.5A Percent Yield 95
4.6A Limiting Reactants 96
End-of Chapter Questions 98
5 Energy and Chemical Reactions 109
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 109
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 109
5.1 Energy and Its Measurement 111
5.2 Heat of Reaction 113
5.3 Potential Energy Diagrams 114
5.4 Spontaneous Reactions 116
Section II Additional Material 118
5.1A Additional Calorimetry Problems 118
5.2A Transfer of Energy and Equilibrium Temperature 119
5.3A The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions 121
5.4A Additional Aspects of Heats of Reaction 122
5.5A The Second Law of Thermodynamics 127
End-of-Chapter Questions 129
6 The Phases of Matter 139
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 140
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 140
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Gases 141
6.3 The Gas Laws 143
6.4 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gas Behavior 154
6.5 Liquids 156
6.6 Solids 158
6.7 Change of Phase 158
Section II Additional Material 161
6.1A Measuring Gas Pressure in the Laboratory 161
6.2A The Ideal (Universal) Gas Law 163
6.3A The Density of an Ideal Gas at STP 165
6.4A Gases and Chemical Reactions 167
6.5A Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures 168
6.6A Graham's Law of Effusion (Diffusion) 170
6.7A Gases Collected over Water 171
6.8A Additional Fusion and Vaporization Problems 173
6.9A Phase Diagrams 174
End-of-Chapter Questions 176
7 Nuclear Chemistry 189
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 190
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 190
7.1 Nuclear Particles 192
7.2 Nuclear Equations 192
7.3 Natural Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay 193
7.4 Half-Life 195
7.5 Uses of Radioisotopes 196
7.6 Induced Nuclear-Reactions 197
Section II Additional Material 199
7.1A The Uranium-238 Decay Series 199
7.2A Isomeric Transition 200
7.3A Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity 201
7.4A Solving Radioactive Decay Problems 201
7.5A Particle Accelerators 203
7.6A Fission Reactors 203
End-of-Chapter Questions 206
8 The Electronic Structure of Atoms 217
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 217
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 217
8.1 Introduction 219
8.2 The Bohr Model of the Atom 219
8.3 The Modern (Wave-Mechanical) Model 222
8.4 Valence Electrons 222
8.5 Lewis Structures (Electron-Dot Diagrams) 223
Section II Additional Material 224
8.1A Atomic Orbitals and Sublevels 224
8.2A Electron Configurations of Atoms 226
8.3A Lewis Structures and Atomic Orbitals 231
End-of-Chapter Questions 233
9 Chemical Periodicity 241
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 241
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 241
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 The Periodic Table in History 244
9.3 The Modern Periodic Table 244
9.4 Properties Associated with Periodicity 245
9.5 Variation of Periodic Properties Among the Elements 248
9.6 The Chemistry of the Representative Groups 256
9.7 The Chemistry of a Period 258
Section II Additional Material 258
9.1A Sublevels and the Periodic Table 258
9.2A Successive Ionization Energies 259
9.3A Electron Affinity 259
9.4A Additional Aspects of First Ionization Energy 259
9.5A Variation of Successive Ionization Energies 260
9.6A Synthetic Elements 261
End-of-Chapter Questions 263
10 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shape 269
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 270
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 270
10.1 Bonding and Stability 272
10.2 Ionic Bonding 273
10.3 Covalent Bonding 275
10.4 Electronegativity and Bonding 276
10.5 Drawing the Lewis Structures of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions 277
10.6 Network Solids 280
10.7 Metallic Substances 280
10.8 Dipoles and Polar Molecules 281
10.9 Polarity and Molecular Symmetry 282
10.10 Intermolecular Forces 283
10.11 Physical and Chemical Properties of Bonded Substances: A Summary 287
Section II Additional Material 288
10.1A Resonance Structures 288
10.2A Additional Topics in Bonding 290
End-of-Chapter Questions 300
11 Organic Chemistry 307
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 308
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 308
11.1 Organic Chemistry Is …? 309
11.2 Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds 310
11.3 Hydrocarbons and Homologous Series 311
11.4 Functional Groups 318
11.5 Organic Reactions 324
Section II Additional Material 327
11.1A Stereoisomerism 327
11.2A The Benzene Series 328
11.3A Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols 329
11.4A Dihydroxy and Trihydroxy Alcohols 330
11.5A Types of Polymerization 330
End-of-Chapter Questions 332
12 Solutions and their Properties 341
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 342
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 342
12.1 A Solution Is …? 343
12.2 Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions 344
12.3 Solubility 344
12.4 Concentrations of Solutions 347
12.5 Effect of the Solute on the Solvent 352
12.6 Behavior of Electrolytes in Solution 352
Section II Additional Material 353
12.1A Mole Fraction 353
12.2A Molality 354
12.3A Dilution of Stock Solutions 355
12.4A Solutions and Chemical Equations 356
12.5A Calculating the Freezing and Boiling Points of Solutions 357
12.6A Suspensions and Colloidal Dispersions 358
End-of-Chapter Questions 360
13 Kinetics and Equilibrium 369
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 369
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 369
13.1 Chemical Kinetics 371
13.2 Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium 373
13.3 Phase Equilibrium 374
13.4 Solution Equilibrium 375
13.5 Chemical Equilibrium 375
Section II Additional Material 379
13.1A The Common-Ion Effect 379
13.2A Heterogeneous Equilibrium 380
13.3A The Equilibrium Constant (Keq) 380
13.4A Problems Involving the Equilibrium Constant 384
13.5A Applications of Chemical Equilibrium 387
End-of-Chapter Questions 388
14 Acids and Bases 399
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 399
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 399
14.1 Operational Definitions of Acids and Bases 401
14.2 Arrhenius Definitions of Acids and Bases 403
14.3 Acid-Base Titration 403
14.4 Brønsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases 406
14.5 The pH Scale of Acidity and Basicity 408
14.6 Acid-Base Indicators 409
Section II Additional Material 410
14.1A Amphiprotic (Amphoteric) Substances 410
14.2A Acid-Base Equilibria 410
14.3A Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 412
14.4A Neutralization (Revisited) 413
14.5A Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs 414
14.6A Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases (Ka and Kb) 415
14.7A Ionization Constant of Water (Kw) 417
14.8A A More Detailed Look at pH and pOH 418
14.9A Hydrolysis of Salts in Aqueous Solutions 421
14.10A Acid-Base Properties of Oxides 423
14.11A Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases 423
End-of-Chapter Questions 424
15 Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) and Electrochemistry 433
Section I Basic (Regents-Level) Material 433
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills 433
15.1 What Are Oxidation and Reduction? 435
15.2 Formal Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction 436
15.3 Redox Equations 437
15.4 Spontaneous Redox Reactions 438
15.5 Electrochemical Cells 441
Section II Additional Material 444
15.1A Balancing Redox Equations by the Half-Reaction Method 444
15.2A Balancing Redox Equations by the Ion-Electron Method 445
15.3A Half-Cell Potentials and Cell Voltage 448
15.4A The Standard Hydrogen Half-Cell 450
15.5A Electrolysis of Water and Aqueous NaCl (Brine) 451
15.6 A Electroplating 452
15.7A Additional Applications of Redox and Electrochemistry 452
End-of-Chapter Questions 454
16 The Chemistry Laboratory 463
16.1 Introduction 463
16.2 Safety Procedures 464
16.3 Using Measuring Devices 464
16.4 Basic Laboratory Skills 465
16.5 Identification of Common Laboratory Apparatus 465
16.6 Basic Laboratory Activities 467
16.7 The Role of Colors in Identifying Substances 468
16.8 Guidelines for Laboratory Reports 470
End-of-Chapter Questions 470
Glossary 481
Appendix 1 New York State Regents Reference Tables for Chemistry 495
Appendix 2 Additional Reference Tables for Chemistry 511
Appendix 3 Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions 523
Appendix 4 Answering Constructed-Response Questions 543
Appendix 5 The New York State Regents Examination in Chemistry 553
June 2019 Regents Examination 555
Answer Key 581
Index 583
